“Saint Dominic wanted to save all men, Christian and Saracens, but
especially the Cumans and other pagans”
- Friar
Rudolf of Faenza at the canonization process of St. Dominic
When we think
of St. Dominic’s zeal for the salvation of souls, his apostolate among the
Albigensians might come to mind first. Yet throughout his priestly life, the earliest
and most persistent object of his missionary zeal remained the Cumans, also known
as Kipchak Tatars. This powerful Western Turkic people migrated into Eastern
Europe from its homeland around the Aral Sea in the 11th century,
terrorizing Christendom by launching deep raids into Christian lands. They soon
also became allies of European empires, fighting for the Hungarians and the
Bulgarians. Aside from smaller groups of Cumans who were defeated, settled in
the Kingdom of Hungary and christianized, they largely adhered to Tengrism like
other Central Asian nomads.
This pagan
people attracted the attention of St. Dominic and his saintly companion Diego,
Bishop of Osma. Diego intended to leave everything behind to preach to the
Cumans, and accompanied by Dominic, he sought the blessing of the Father of
Christendom, traveling to Rome in 1204. Pope Innocent III praised their zeal
but demanded Diego to return to his bishopric. It appears that the Pope did not
want the Spanish church to lose such an exemplary bishop. When Diego died in 1207,
the desire for the Cuman mission remained in Dominic’s heart. In the early days
of the Dominican Order he would often say: “When we have fully instructed our
brethren, we will go to the Cumans, and preach the faith of Christ”. At the first
General Chapter of 1220, St. Dominic intended to resign as Master General of
his order to fulfill his dream of preaching among the warlike nomads, but his
resignation was not accepted by the friars. The following year, the last of his
life, the saint saw the foundation of the Dominican Province of Hungary, headed
by Paulus Hungarus, who sent friars to preach among the Cumans. After initial hardships—two
friars were killed—the Dominicans were successful in converting the Cuman chieftains
Bortz and Membrok (possibly Bortz’ son) along with many of their subjects. These conversions laid the foundation for the short-lived Diocese
of Cumania in what is now Romania, created by Pope Gregory IX in 1228
and headed by the Dominican Theodoric. The Mongol invasion of 1241 scattered
the Cumans and destroyed the diocese, with the Cuman survivors in the Balkans being
assimilated by the local populations.
While there
no longer exists a distinct Cuman ethnic group, many Turkic peoples in Eastern
Europe and Central Asia are related to the Cumans, such as the Nogais or the
Kazakhs. May Saint Dominic intercede for them.
Sources:
John C.
Rubba, O.P., “The Third Order of St. Dominic”
Theodosia
Augusta Drane, “The History of St. Dominic”
J.B. O’Connor,
O.P. “Saint Dominic and the Order of Preachers”
Leonhard Lemmens, O.F.M. “Die Heidenmission des
Spätmittelalters”
Wikipedia:
Roman
Catholic Diocese of Cumania















